Natural Remedies to Atherosclerosis

Clinical Considerations
➤ General comments
– Half of all mortality in Germany is attributed to atherosclerosis, a disease in which the walls of the arteries degenerate progressively over the course of several decades. Free radicals of oxidized lipoproteins have been implicated as cofactors in the etiology of atherosclerosis.
– Individuals with high serum cholesterol levels and LDL : HDL ratios of more than 4.0 have a particularly high risk of developing atherosclerosis. This constellation is most prevalent in men of all ages and in postmenopausal women.

➤ General treatment measures: Dietary measures are the first and foremost treatment measures. The patient should be placed on a reduced fat diet and use dietary fats high in polyunsaturated or monosaturated fatty acids (e. g., olive oil, flaxseed oil), as well as fatty fish with DHA and EPA (salmon, halibut). Foods with both added refined sugar and saturated fatty acids should be strictly avoided. Therapy should be combined with regular aerobic exercise for best results, according to recent research.

➤ Clinical value of herbal medicine
– About herbs preparations play an especially important role in prevention. Their therapeutic action is directed against important mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
– Synthetic antilipemic drugs clearly reduce cardiovascular mortality, but are expensive and sometimes highly prone to side effects. Moreover, they are not covered by most health care insurers when used primarily for prophylactic purposes.
– The herbal alternatives have a very low incidence of side effects and can be recommended for medically supervised self-treatment.

Recommended Herbal Remedies (Overview)
Antilipemic Herbs
➤ Artichoke leaf (Cynarae folium).
– Action: Standardized artichoke leaf extract inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis on various levels and increases the biliary elimination of cholesterol, resulting in an overall antilipemic effect. Antioxidant effects have also been observed in pharmacological experiments.
– Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to artichoke or other composite plants; biliary tract obstruction; cholelithiasis.
– Dosage and administration: 320–640 mg extract, 3 times a day, equivalent to 960–1920 mg per day. Antiatherosclerotic Herbs
➤ Garlic bulb (Allii sativi bulbus).

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Dementia Herbal Remedies

Dementia

Clinical Considerations
➤ General comments
– Mental functional disorders present with unspecific symptoms such as headaches, vertigo, insomnia, lack of concentration, and depression. The later reduction of cognitive and perceptive abilities as well as a loss of intellectual abilities, an impaired sense of time and space, and changes in personality develop as the disease progresses. In the final stages, these patients exhibit affective disorders, lack of motivation, impaired social behavior, and mental confusion.
– Primary dementia
• In around 80 % of cases, the death of nerve cells (usually cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain) or the destruction of synaptic junctions (Alzheimer’s dementia) is the underlying cause of primary dementia. Multi-infarct dementia (10 %) and mixed types of dementia (10 %) are less common causes.
• Increased oxidative stress due to increased generation of oxygen radicals during ATP production from glucose is a possible cause of nerve cell loss. The radicals lead to lipid peroxidation and sodium-potassium-ATPase inhibition. This, in turn, causes pathological changes in the cell’s electrolyte distribution and, ultimately, cell death. In Alzheimer’s dementia, β-amyloid is deposited in nerve cells, the role of which is still discussed. At least 30 % of persons over 80 years are affected.
• Multi-infarct dementia is characterized by the increasing recurrence of lacunar infarcts and damage to the cerebral medulla near the lateral ventricle. The high level of platelet-activating factor (PAF) activity is of pathogenetic importance. The increased activity results in increased platelet aggregation, microcirculatory impairment, increased vessel permeability and, ultimately, edema formation.
– Secondary dementia occurs as a result of cardiovascular diseases, hormone changes, infections, and poisoning (e. g., drug poisoning).

➤ Clinical value of herbal medicine
– Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have recently been adopted in the treatment of dementia. These herbal remedies should always be administered under the watchful eye of a physician. The effectiveness of so-called nootropic drugs such as piracetam is debated.
– The efficacy of ginkgo extract for symptomatic treatment of all types of primary dementia has been demonstrated in various clinical studies.
– Treatment of primary dementia must be started in the early stages in order to slow down the progression of the disease. A psychometric test should be conducted after 3 months of therapy to assess treatment success.
– In secondary dementia, eliminating the underlying cause is the primary goal of treatment.

Recommended Herbal Remedies on Dementia(Overview)

Symptomatic Treatment
➤ Ginkgo leaf (Ginkgo bilobae folium).
– Action, dosage, commercial products: Ginkgo bilobae folium.

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Vertigo and Tinnitus Alternatives

Vertigo and Tinnitus

Clinical Considerations
➤ General comments
– Systemic vertigo: Usually occurs as a result of microcirculatory and macrocirculatory disturbances in the inner ear and is often associated with tinnitus and other hearing problems.
– Nonsystemic vertigo: This form of vertigo is much more common and usually occurs as a result of hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, or decreased mental performance.
– Tinnitus: The subjective perception of sounds (whistling, rustling, or ringing noises) in one or both ears, often due to microcirculatory disturbances.

➤ Clinical value of herbal medicine: Combinations of physical therapy and herbal remedies that modify the cerebral metabolism have proved to be effective. The effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba on aural vertigo has been demonstrated in clinical studies. Benefit should be assessed after three months of application.
Note: Sudden hearing loss is characterized by a unilateral loss of hearing of rapid onset with or without tinnitus. The patient should receive immediate medical attention, because complete restoration of health is possible only if treatment is initiated within the first 24 hours. Herbal remedies are not recommended for causative treatment.

Recommended Herbal Remedies (Overview)
Symptomatic Treatment
➤ Ginkgo leaf (Ginkgo bilobae folium).
– Action, dosage, and administration: search Ginkgo bilobae folium.

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Hypotension Herbal Remedies

Hypotension

Clinical Considerations

➤ General comments
– Hypotension is defined as a chronic reduction in the systolic blood pressure to < 100 mmHg.
– Primary hypotension is common, but clinically significant only if the symptomsare severe. The causes of hypotension are unknown. Fatiguability and orthostasis are typical symptoms.
– Secondary hypotension is rare. It can occur secondary to cardiac or adrenal insufficiency, or as the result of liver disease or cancer. When possible, the causes of the disease should be treated. No clinical data on herbal treatment of hypotension are currently available.

➤ Clinical value of herbal medicine
– Primary hypotension can usually be managed by nonpharmaceutical measures, such as exercise and physical therapy. It does not appear wise to prescribe medications unless the patient is recovering from illness of surgery or is under great physical and mental stress.
– Herbal remedies for primary hypotension are low-side-effect alternatives to synthetic drugs and chemical remedies, which often fail to provide satisfactory results, especially in long-term treatment. The herbal remedies are safe to use for self-treatment. Clinical studies are not available.

Recommended Herbal Remedies (Overview)

External Remedies
➤ Rosemary leaf (Rosmarini folium).
– Action: The essential oil in rosemary leaves stimulates the blood flow and has central analeptic effects attributed to the constituents camphor and cineol.
A circulatory tonic effect of the herbal remedy has been empirically demonstrated.
– Contraindications: Heart failure. (See Herbal Hydrotherapy.
– Dosage and administration: Steep 50 g of rosemary leaf in 1 liter of boiled water for 30 minutes, then strain and add to full bath or hip bath. Bathe for 10 minutes at 34–36 °C after getting up in the morning and rest for 1 hour afterward.
Note: Rosemary baths are stimulating, they should not be taken before retiring at night.

Internal Remedies
➤ Rosemary leaf (Rosmarini folium, see p. 112).
– Action: See above.
– Dosage and administration: Take 5 drops of rosemary tincture (1: 5) in a little warm water, 15 minutes before meals, 3 times a day.

Clinical Considerations
➤ General comments
– The incidence of peripheral and/or cerebral circulatory disturbances is growing since the average age of the population is increasing in many states.
– Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is characterized by the development of arteriosclerotic vessel changes, especially in the extremities. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), elevated cholesterol levels, the coagulatory system, and platelet function play a decisive role in these changes. Their interactions are responsible for the deposition of arteriosclerotic plaques on blood vessel walls. This ultimately leads to narrowing and occlusion of the blood vessels. Since this is related to an oxygen deficiency, larger quantities of free radicals develop and damage the vessel walls by way of oxidized LDL.

➤ General treatment measures
– It is essential to eliminate the risk factors (e. g., smoking and lack of exercise) and to ensure optimal management of diabetes, elevated serum lipid levels, and arterial hypertension.
– Regular physical therapy and physical exercise are achieved in only onethird of all patients with peripheral vascular disease because of concomitant cardiological or orthopedic diseases and/or lack of motivation.
➤ Clinical value of herbal medicine: Ginkgo biloba extracts are useful alternatives to the corresponding synthetic drugs and chemical remedies.

Recommended Herbal Remedies (Overview)
Symptomatic Treatment
➤ Ginkgo leaf (Ginkgo bilobae folium).
– Action: The acetone-based dry ginkgo biloba leaf extract received a positive monograph rating. The therapeutic effects of ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) are largely determined by its flavone glycoside and sesquiterpene lactone components.
• Positive rheological effect (reduction of erythrocyte and platelet aggregation)
• Inhibits free radical production
• Increases prostacyclin synthesis
• Antagonizes platelet-activating factor (PAF)
• Neuroprotective
• Improves cellular energy metabolism
– Dosage and administration: Daily dose of 120–160 mg, taken orally in 2 or 3 divided doses, for a period of at least 6 weeks.
– Side effects: Although very rare, mild gastrointestinal complaints, headaches, and allergic reactions can occur.

Prophylactic Treatment
➤ Garlic (Allii sativi bulbus).
– Action, formulations, and dosage.

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Hypertension Herbal Remedies

Hypertension

Clinical Considerations

➤ General considerations and classification
– Hypertension is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as systolic blood pressure >139 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure >90 mmHg.
– Classification according to severity
• First degree: 140–159/90–99 mmHg
• Second degree: 160–179/100–109 mmHg
• Third degree: ≥180/≥110 mmHg
• Isolated systolic hypertension: ≥140/<90 mmHg
– Arterial hypertension can be found in 25–30 % of the population. The incidence increases with age.
➤ General treatment measures: Lifestyle changes should be carried out before initiation of therapy (e. g., endurance sports, dietary measures such as reduced refined fat and sugar intake, weight and stress reduction).
➤ Clinical value of herbal medicine
– Although a number of very safe and effective synthetic drugs are available, the patient compliance rates with these drugs are rather low.
– Although few study data are available on herbal antihypertensives, and although they tend to be low-potency medications, many European patients request them.
– We feel that medically supervised attempts to manage hypertension using herbal preparations are justifiable in the initial stages of the disease. Moreover, herbal preparations make it easier for relatively young and older patients to accept the lifelong need for treatment.

Hypertension Recommended Herbal Remedies (Overview)

Sympatholytics

➤ Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina).
– Action: Rauwolfia total extract has antihypertensive and sympatholytic effects due to various constituents, especially reserpine and raubasine.
• Immediate blood pressure reduction cannot be expected.
– Contraindications: Depression, peptic ulcer, pheochromocytoma, pregnancy and lactation.
– Dosage and administration: To ensure consistency of potency and for safety, use should be restricted to commercial oral rauwolfia products.
– Side effects: Sedation, dryness of the mouth, nasal congestion, reduced sex drive, depression. These effects can be reduced or avoided by reducing the dose.
– Interactions: Digitalis or other cardiac glycosides, neuroleptics, barbiturates, levodopa.

Vasodilators
➤ Garlic cloves (Allii sativi bulbus,).
– Action
• The constituents allicin and ajoene cause hyperpolarization of vascular smooth-muscle cells, resulting in vasodilatation. This is presumably due to a non-potassium channel-related reduction in the intracellular calcium concentration.
• Thanks to their wide therapeutic range (e. g., antioxidant, slightly antilipemic, fibrinolytic, and inhibitory of platelet aggregation), garlic extracts are useful for adjunctive treatment of all forms of arteriosclerosis.
• The antihypertensive effect of garlic takes a while to become noticeable.The maximum effect develops after around 6 months of treatment. Dry garlic powder extracts have the largest therapeutic effect.
– Contraindications: Hemophilia A and other coagulation disorders.
– Dosage and administration: 600–900 mg per day, equivalent to 1.8–2.7 g of fresh garlic.
– Side effects: Gastrointestinal irritation and allergic reactions are rare side effects. Typical smelling.
Warning: Although garlic preparations are unlikely to affect blood coagulation enough to contraindicate it before or after surgery, it is safest to discontinue use before or after major surgery.

Drugs with Unclear Effects
➤ Mistletoe (Visci albi herba, see p. 93).
– Action: The antihypertensive constituents in aqueous mistletoe extracts have not yet been identified. They are said to reduce occasional symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, restlessness, nervousness, and reduced exercise tolerance.
– Dosage and administration
• Tea: Pour 1 cup of cold water onto 2.5 g (1 teaspoon) of the finely chopped herb, allow to stand at room temperature for 12 hours, then strain.
• Dosage: One to two cups per day. Tincture (1 : 1) 20 to 30 drops, several times daily.

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